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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Decrease in life expectancy due to COVID-19 disease not offset by reduced environmental impacts associated with

Benedetto Rugani1, Edoardo Conticini2, Bruno Frediani2

  • 1RDI Unit on Environmental Sustainability Assessment and Circularity (SUSTAIN), Environmental Research & Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, 4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg.

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|October 2, 2021
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Summary

COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy reduced environmental impacts by 5% in 2020, saving lives. However, COVID-19 casualties far outweighed these environmental health gains.

Keywords:
COVID-19Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)SARS-CoV-2energy metabolismenvironmental impactlife cycle assessment (LCA)

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Energy Analysis

Background:

  • COVID-19 lockdowns significantly altered societal activities, impacting environmental quality.
  • Understanding the environmental consequences of reduced energy demand during lockdowns is crucial for public health.
  • Previous studies have not fully quantified the life expectancy effects of these environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of reduced energy demand on environmental issues during Italy's 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns.
  • To quantify the effect on human health, focusing on life expectancy and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs).
  • To compare environmental health gains with COVID-19 related mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted an energy metabolism analysis using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for monthly energy consumption data in Italy (2015-2020).
  • Analyzed LCA midpoint impact categories including global warming and fine particulate matter formation.
  • Estimated LCA endpoint damage to human health in terms of DALYs.

Main Results:

  • Averaged 5% decrease in LCA midpoint environmental impacts throughout 2020 compared to previous years.
  • Significant reductions of approximately 21% in environmental impacts during the first lockdown (March-May 2020) due to decreased fossil fuel use.
  • Estimated savings of ~66 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants due to reduced environmental impacts.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 lockdowns led to measurable reductions in environmental impacts and associated human health burdens in Italy.
  • The number of lives potentially saved through environmental improvements was significantly smaller than the officially recorded COVID-19 casualties.
  • Further research is needed to explore the complex interplay between COVID-19 deaths and other contributing factors.