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Related Concept Videos

Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

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Multiple Sclerosis and the Endogenous Opioid System.

Zoë Dworsky-Fried1, Caylin I Chadwick2, Bradley J Kerr1,2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|October 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endogenous opioid system, involving opioid peptides and receptors, may play a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis and symptoms. Further research into opioidergic signaling could reveal new therapeutic targets for MS.

Keywords:
affectimmune systeminflammationmoodmultiple sclerosisopioidpain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system autoimmune disease with unclear pathogenesis.
  • Current MS therapies have limited efficacy.
  • The endogenous opioid system modulates immune and nervous functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking the endogenous opioid system to MS.
  • To explore mechanisms of opioidergic signaling in MS pathophysiology and symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical data from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models.
  • Analysis of clinical observations in MS patients.

Main Results:

  • Converging evidence implicates the endogenous opioid system in MS pathogenesis.
  • Endogenous opioid peptides (binding MOR, KOR, DOR) act as immunomodulators.
  • Opioid system dysregulation may contribute to MS and its common comorbidities (pain, negative affect).

Conclusions:

  • The endogenous opioid system is a potential factor in MS development and progression.
  • Understanding opioidergic signaling offers insights into MS pathophysiology.
  • Targeting the opioid system may present novel therapeutic strategies for MS.