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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Targeting the Transcriptome Through Globally Acting Components.

Damien Parrello1, Maria Vlasenok2, Lincoln Kranz1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND, United States.

Frontiers in Genetics
|October 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing is key to understanding cell-specific transcription. This mechanism separates genome-wide pausing signals from gene-release signals, offering insights into transcriptome organization and cancer therapies.

Keywords:
NELF modelRNA pol II pausingepigeneticstranscription elongationtranscriptome regulation

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Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Cellular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Transcription, a critical step in gene expression, dictates cell identity and is implicated in disease pathogenesis.
  • The human RNA polymerase II (Pol II) machinery, alongside epigenetic factors, orchestrates cellular development, differentiation, and environmental responses.
  • Cancer therapies often target general cellular machinery components, but the mechanism of cell-type-specific effects remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how globally acting factors achieve cell-type-specific transcriptional effects.
  • To highlight the role of promoter-proximal Pol II pausing in regulating transcription.
  • To bridge the gap between understanding transcriptome organization principles and developing targeted cancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and discussion of existing literature on RNA polymerase II transcription elongation.
  • Focus on the phenomenon of promoter-proximal Pol II pausing.
  • Analysis of mechanisms that establish and release Pol II pausing.

Main Results:

  • Promoter-proximal Pol II pausing acts as a crucial regulatory checkpoint in transcription.
  • This pausing mechanism differentiates genome-wide pausing signals from gene-specific release events.
  • Understanding these early transcription events provides insights into transcriptome organization.

Conclusions:

  • The study emphasizes promoter-proximal Pol II pausing as a key regulatory step in transcription.
  • Insights from this field can advance our fundamental understanding of transcriptome organization.
  • Further research may lead to improved therapeutic strategies for diseases, including cancer.