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Upper arm posture during human embryonic and fetal development.

Yosuke Kumano1, Sayaka Tanaka1, Rino Sakamoto1

  • 1Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|October 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Upper extremity posture in human embryos is linked to shoulder joint development. This study quantifies arm position and shoulder girdle changes during Carnegie stages (CS) 18-23, aiding embryonic staging.

Keywords:
Carnegie stagehuman embryonic developmentmagnetic resonance imagingphase-contrast X-ray computed tomographyposition of the upper arm

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Area of Science:

  • Embryology
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanical analysis

Background:

  • Upper extremity posture is a key feature of human embryonic development, particularly between Carnegie stages (CS) 18 and CS23.
  • The shoulder joint complex's morphogenesis significantly influences posture, yet precise shoulder joint positioning remains undescribed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively measure upper arm position in human fetuses.
  • To evaluate the contribution of the shoulder girdle, including the scapula and glenohumeral (GH) joint, to upper extremity posture.
  • To correlate these findings with embryonic staging.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 29 human fetal specimens from the Kyoto Collection.
  • Three-dimensional positional analysis of the shoulder girdle and humerus using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Main Results:

  • Upper arm abduction and flexion peaked locally at CS20, with abduction decreasing thereafter.
  • The scapula adopted an internal, upward orientation with a cranially and ventrally facing glenoid cavity.
  • Scapular positioning had minimal impact on arm posture due to compensatory changes in the GH joint angle.

Conclusions:

  • The unique scapular position is largely counteracted by the glenohumeral joint's orientation.
  • Measuring scapular and GH joint angles via sonography may enhance human embryo staging.