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Related Concept Videos

Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary
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Involvement of chemerin and CMKLR1 in the progesterone decrease by PCOS granulosa cells.

Anthony Estienne1, Namya Mellouk1, Alice Bongrani1

  • 1CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, PRC, Nouzilly, France.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|October 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked to infertility due to reduced progesterone. Chemerin, acting via CMKLR1, may worsen this by inhibiting steroidogenesis in PCOS granulosa cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Steroidogenesis

Background:

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a leading cause of female infertility.
  • PCOS is associated with impaired progesterone production by human luteinized granulosa cells (hlGCs).
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying steroidogenesis dysfunction in PCOS remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of chemerin and its receptor CMKLR1 in altered progesterone production in PCOS.
  • To explore the expression and function of chemerin/CMKLR1 in granulosa cells from PCOS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of progesterone and chemerin levels in plasma and follicular fluid.
  • Measurement of STAR mRNA expression in human luteinized granulosa cells (hlGCs).
  • In vitro studies using hlGCs treated with chemerin and a CMKLR1-targeting nanobody (VHH CA4910).

Main Results:

  • PCOS patients exhibited significantly lower plasma and follicular fluid progesterone levels.
  • Higher chemerin, RARRES2, and CMKLR1 mRNA levels were observed in PCOS hlGCs.
  • CMKLR1 inactivation with VHH CA4910 blocked chemerin-induced progesterone inhibition; chemerin's inhibitory effect was amplified in PCOS hlGCs.

Conclusions:

  • Chemerin, acting through CMKLR1, is implicated in the steroidogenesis alterations observed in PCOS.
  • CMKLR1 signaling may represent a therapeutic target for managing infertility associated with PCOS.