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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Flavour capsule cigarette use and perceptions: a systematic review.

Christina N Kyriakos1, Mateusz Zygmunt Zatoński2,3, Filippos T Filippidis4

  • 1Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK c.kyriakos20@imperial.ac.uk.

Tobacco Control
|October 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Flavour capsule cigarettes are increasingly popular, especially among younger smokers, and are perceived as more appealing. Comprehensive tobacco control policies are needed to address these products, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Keywords:
low/middle income countrypublic policysurveillance and monitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Tobacco Control
  • Public Health
  • Consumer Behavior

Background:

  • Flavour capsule cigarettes offer appealing sensory attributes, potentially increasing uptake and use among diverse smoking populations.
  • Understanding the global prevalence, user characteristics, and perceptions of flavour capsule cigarettes is crucial for effective public health interventions.

Approach:

  • A systematic review was conducted, searching four major databases for original, peer-reviewed research on flavour capsule cigarettes published up to April 2021.
  • Twenty studies reporting data from 2009-2019 across eight countries were included, utilizing cross-sectional and focus group designs.

Key Points:

  • Global prevalence of flavour capsule cigarette use varies, with high rates observed in Chile and Mexico (40%).
  • Use is associated with younger age and, in some regions, with being female.
  • Capsule cigarettes are perceived as tasting better, smoother, more enjoyable, and more attractive than non-capsule alternatives, particularly by non-daily smokers and susceptible non-smokers.

Conclusions:

  • Findings highlight the need for comprehensive tobacco control policies that specifically address flavour capsules and similar innovations.
  • Continued monitoring and research are essential, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries where the market share is disproportionately large.