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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

Published on: April 12, 2016

Sensory integration abilities for balance in glaucoma, a preliminary study.

Caitlin O'Connell¹, Mark Redfern¹, Kevin C Chan^2,3

¹Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Schenley Pl., #304, 4420 Bayard St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.

Scientific Reports

|October 5, 2021

Summary

Glaucoma patients with greater visual field loss in their better eye showed increased sway speed, indicating poorer standing balance. This suggests balance issues in glaucoma may involve more than just vision loss.

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Last Updated: Oct 18, 2025

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

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Published on: April 12, 2016

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Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Biomechanics

Background:

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Impaired balance and increased fall risk are common in glaucoma patients.
The relationship between glaucoma severity and sensory integration for balance is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the association between sensory integration abilities for standing balance and glaucoma disease stage.
To investigate the impact of functional (visual field deficit) and structural (retinal nerve fiber layer thickness) glaucoma severity on balance control.

Main Methods:

Eleven mild to moderate glaucoma patients performed the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) for 3 minutes under 6 sensory conditions.
Balance was measured using sway magnitude and sway speed derived from center-of-pressure data.
Mixed linear regression analyses examined associations between glaucoma severity and balance measures.

Main Results:

Increased visual field deficit severity in the better eye was significantly associated with increased standing sway speed.
This association was observed in both eyes open and eyes closed conditions.
Glaucoma's structural damage and visual field deficits in the worse eye did not correlate with balance measures.

Conclusions:

Postural control performance in glaucoma is associated with visual field deficit severity.
The observed balance impairment, even with eyes closed, suggests non-visual sensory pathways contribute to reduced postural control.
Further research is needed to explore interactions between visual and central processing changes affecting balance in glaucoma.