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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.2K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Related Experiment Video

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Quantitative Analysis of Chromatin Proteomes in Disease
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Quantitative Analysis of Chromatin Proteomes in Disease

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Interplay between chromatin marks in development and disease.

Sanne M Janssen1, Matthew C Lorincz2

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|October 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA methylation and histone modifications interact to control gene activity. Disrupting these epigenetic marks in mice affects gene expression and development, highlighting their crucial roles in health and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • DNA methylation (DNAme) and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key epigenetic regulators of transcription.
  • Previous studies often examined these chromatin marks independently.
  • Emerging evidence indicates complex interactions between DNAme and histone PTMs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between DNA methylation and histone H3 lysine methylation.
  • To analyze the impact of genetic perturbations on chromatin marks and transcriptome.
  • To explore the links between these epigenetic mechanisms and human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of chromatin marks.
  • Genetic perturbation of methyltransferases in mouse models.
  • Transcriptome profiling.
  • Comparative analysis of human orthologues.

Main Results:

  • Genetic manipulation of methyltransferases significantly altered the landscape of chromatin marks and gene expression in mice.
  • Specific neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers are associated with mutations in human orthologues of these genes.
  • Demonstrated significant crosstalk between DNA and histone H3 methylation.

Conclusions:

  • The crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone H3 methylation is fundamentally important for normal development.
  • Dysregulation of these interacting epigenetic marks contributes to human diseases, including developmental syndromes and cancers.
  • Understanding these interactions provides insights into epigenetic regulation and disease pathogenesis.