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Related Concept Videos

Solvents01:12

Solvents

67.9K
A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
67.9K
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

437
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
437
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.1K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.1K
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

916
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
916
Leveling Effect01:29

Leveling Effect

1.1K
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the...
1.1K
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

4.4K
The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place,...
4.4K

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Antimicrobial Resistance Research with Innovative Approaches and Synthetic Compounds
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The green solvent: a critical perspective.

Neil Winterton1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD UK.

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
|October 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The search for green solvents is crucial for reducing industrial emissions. However, true sustainability requires considering industrial-scale use and non-fossil fuel sources over intrinsic "greenness."

Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry and sustainable solvent development.
  • Industrial applications of solvents and emission reduction strategies.

Background:

  • Solvent losses and emissions are significant concerns in industrial and domestic applications.
  • The concept of 'green' solvents emerged in the 1990s, driving research into neoteric solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the literature on green solvents.
  • To assess the practical applicability of newly developed solvents on an industrial scale.
  • To highlight the importance of broader sustainability factors in solvent selection.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of published scientific literature on green solvents.
  • Analysis of the industrial applicability of neoteric solvents.
  • Evaluation of sustainability criteria beyond intrinsic solvent properties.
Keywords:
Research & DevelopmentSolventsSustainable developmentWaste minimisation

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Main Results:

  • Few novel solvents have achieved widespread industrial adoption.
  • The search for less-impacting solvents is often inefficient without considering industrial-scale context.
  • Wider sustainability issues, such as the origin of organic carbon, are more critical than 'greenness' alone.

Conclusions:

  • The ideal universal solvent remains an unattainable concept.
  • Effective green solvent development must integrate industrial-scale considerations and broader sustainability principles.
  • Focusing solely on intrinsic 'greenness' without practical application context is insufficient for sustainable solvent innovation.