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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors01:07

Types of Receptors: Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors that reside within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. Many mammalian steroid hormones and nitric oxide (NO) gas use this cell signaling mechanism.
Similar to membrane-bound receptors, the binding of a ligand to the intracellular receptor of causes a conformational change in the...
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Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
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Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists

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Evolution of non-genomic nuclear receptor function.

Elias Taylor1, Andreas Heyland1

  • 1University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|October 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate animal systems through genomic and non-genomic pathways. This study explores the evolution of non-genomic NR signaling, highlighting calcium flux and protein phosphorylation cascades.

Keywords:
HormoneMAPKNHRNRPI3KPKCSteroidThyroidTranscriptionVitamin

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors (NRs) are critical regulators of metazoan development and physiology.
  • NRs mediate effects through both genomic (nuclear) and non-genomic (extranuclear) mechanisms.
  • Non-genomic NR actions are less studied than genomic actions, with limited hypotheses on their evolutionary origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize non-genomic NR signaling mechanisms.
  • To explore the evolutionary context of non-genomic NR signaling across animal phyla.
  • To hypothesize about the evolutionary origins and diversification of NRs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of non-genomic NR signaling pathways.
  • Comparative analysis of NR functions across diverse animal groups.
  • Hypothesis generation on NR evolution based on signaling mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • NRs utilize calcium flux and protein phosphorylation cascades (MAPK/PI3K/PKC) across various animal phyla.
  • Evidence suggests a potential synapomorphy for NRs in the NR1 and NR3 families.
  • Key receptors like thyroid hormone receptor, vitamin D receptor, and steroid receptors employ these non-genomic pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Non-genomic NR signaling is a conserved mechanism across metazoans.
  • The evolution of non-genomic NR signaling may have predated genomic mechanisms.
  • The advent of non-genomic NR signaling likely propelled the diversification of NRs in early animal lineages (Cnidarians, Placozoans, Bilaterians).