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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • X-ray luminescence imaging (XLI) and x-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) rely on x-ray excitable scintillating imaging probes.
    • Selecting optimal probes is crucial for effective contrast agent-based imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the performance of various imaging probes for XLI and XLCT applications.
    • To evaluate commercial and synthesized probes based on their spectral properties, luminescence intensity, and XLCT reconstructability.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of imaging probes including cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs), europium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS:Eu) microphosphor, and synthesized sodium gadolinium fluoride (NaGdF4) nanophosphors (doped with Eu or Tb).
    • Characterization involved measuring x-ray luminescence emission spectra and luminescence intensity.
    • Performance was assessed through XLCT scans using phantoms containing the probes.

    Main Results:

    • Each imaging probe exhibited a distinct emission spectrum suitable for deep-tissue optical imaging.
    • Gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS:Eu) demonstrated the highest luminescence intensity due to its larger particle size, followed by NaGdF4:Tb, NaGdF4:Eu, and CdTe QDs.
    • XLCT scans successfully reconstructed all imaging probes with accurate shape and location.

    Conclusions:

    • Different imaging probes offer unique spectral characteristics for XLI/XLCT.
    • While GOS:Eu provides the brightest emission, other probes like NaGdF4 nanophosphors and CdTe QDs also show promise.
    • All tested probes are viable for XLCT, enabling accurate imaging reconstruction.