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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Fluid Dynamics
    • Light Scattering

    Background:

    • Leonardo DaVinci's 1508 observation of sun images formed by bubbles.
    • The classic astroid caustic pattern formed by light under surface bubbles at larger depths or near-vertical illumination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive understanding of the light patterns formed below surface bubbles.
    • To investigate the deviation from the astroid shape under shallow illumination and water depths.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of light patterns formed by surface bubbles.
    • Investigating complex ray paths beyond simple refraction through the outer meniscus.

    Main Results:

    • Observed deviation from the symmetrical astroid caustic under shallow illumination and depth.
    • Identified asymmetric, multicomponent (composite) light patterns.
    • Demonstrated that complex ray paths are responsible for the observed patterns.

    Conclusions:

    • The phenomenology of light patterns below surface bubbles is richer than previously understood.
    • Shallow conditions lead to complex, asymmetric light patterns distinct from the astroid caustic.
    • Understanding these patterns requires considering more than just outer meniscus refraction.