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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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[Vaccines against COVID-19].

Anahita Fathi1,2,3, Sibylle C Mellinghoff4,5,6,7

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COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA and vector-based types, offer high efficacy against severe disease and transmission. This review covers their development, safety, and use in special populations.

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ImmunosuppressionPregnancySARS-CoV‑2SafetyVaccine development

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic caused a global health emergency.
  • Rapid development of safe and effective vaccines was crucial for mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development, mechanism of action, safety, and efficacy of approved COVID-19 vaccines.
  • To discuss vaccination indications and recommendations for special populations.
  • To address current scientific questions regarding COVID-19 vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Analysis of data from the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
  • Focus on mRNA and vector-based vaccine technologies.

Main Results:

  • Four vaccines (2 mRNA, 2 vector-based) are approved and used in Germany.
  • Vaccines demonstrate high protective efficacy, particularly against severe disease.
  • Vaccination significantly contributes to containing viral transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Approved COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective tools against the pandemic.
  • Specific recommendations exist for vaccination in convalescent, immunosuppressed, and pregnant individuals.
  • Ongoing research is necessary to address remaining scientific questions.