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Color-difference evaluation for 3D objects.

Lan Jiang, Guihua Cui, Manuel Melgosa

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Lighting conditions significantly impact perceived color differences in 3D printed objects, especially complex shapes. Color difference magnitude was a greater factor than sample shape or lighting, with the CAM02-LCD formula showing the best prediction accuracy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Color Science
    • Psychophysics
    • 3D Printing Technology

    Background:

    • Understanding color perception is crucial for product design and quality control.
    • Previous research primarily focused on 2D samples, limiting insights into 3D object color differences.
    • The influence of illumination and sample geometry on perceived color difference requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how illumination conditions and 3D sample shapes affect perceived color differences.
    • To compare the impact of lighting and shape on 3D objects versus 2D objects.
    • To evaluate the performance of modern color difference formulas in predicting perceived color differences for 3D printed samples.

    Main Methods:

    • A psychophysical experiment was conducted using 150 pairs of 3D printed samples (spherical and flat) with varying color differences.
    • Samples were assessed by 10 observers under two lighting conditions: diffuse and diffuse with a spotlight.
    • Perceived color differences were analyzed using a gray-scale psychophysical method.

    Main Results:

    • Lighting conditions had a greater effect on perceived color differences for complex 3D shapes than for 2D objects.
    • Color difference magnitude was found to be more influential than sample shape or lighting.
    • The CAM02-LCD color difference formula provided the best prediction of the experimental data, with improvements noted after applying power corrections.

    Conclusions:

    • Illumination and sample geometry are significant factors in perceived color differences, particularly for 3D objects.
    • Color difference magnitude plays a dominant role, influencing perception more than shape or lighting.
    • The CAM02-LCD formula shows promise for predicting color differences in 3D printed materials, especially with applied corrections.