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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetism
    • Metamaterials Science
    • Wavefront Manipulation

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces offer advanced control over electromagnetic (EM) wavefronts.
    • Nonreciprocal devices are crucial for signal isolation and preventing feedback loops.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a nonreciprocal electromagnetic isolating surface.
    • To utilize space-time-coding metasurfaces for generating orbital angular momentum (OAM)-carrying beams with directional control.

    Main Methods:

    • Designing a system with two parallel 1-bit programmable space-time-coding OAM metasurfaces.
    • Implementing frequency and OAM order up-conversion and down-conversion between metasurfaces.
    • Employing an intermediate frequency-selective surface with highpass characteristics for signal filtering.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed structure induces rotational Doppler shifts from opposing incident directions.
    • The frequency-selective surface successfully transmits up-converted signals while blocking down-converted signals.
    • The metasurface exhibits electromagnetic isolation, allowing unidirectional wave transmission.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed space-time-coding metasurface provides effective electromagnetic isolation.
    • This technology enables directional control of OAM-carrying beams via the electronic rotational Doppler effect.
    • The system demonstrates sensitivity to illumination direction, achieving unidirectional EM wave propagation.