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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Image Processing
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Frequency upconversion imaging offers advantages but suffers from distortions.
    • Tight focusing of the pump beam optimizes conversion efficiency but introduces blurring.
    • Convolution between object and pump fields, akin to point spread function effects, causes image degradation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for removing distortions in frequency upconversion imaging.
    • To enhance image quality and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in optimized upconversion systems.
    • To accurately reconstruct object intensity distributions despite optical aberrations.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing Hadamard coding for object encoding with measurement matrices.
    • Measuring the intensity of the converted field after encoding.
    • Applying the measurement matrix to calculate the accurate object intensity distribution.
    • Employing Hadamard matrices to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

    Main Results:

    • The proposed Hadamard coding method successfully removes distortions caused by convolution.
    • Optimized tight focusing of the pump beam, combined with the method, yields sharp image edges.
    • Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the technique in restoring image fidelity.

    Conclusions:

    • Hadamard coding provides an effective solution for distortion removal in frequency upconversion imaging.
    • The technique preserves image sharpness even when conversion efficiency is maximized through tight pump focusing.
    • This approach enhances the practical applicability of upconversion imaging for high-fidelity reconstructions.