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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Superantigen Recognition and Interactions: Functions, Mechanisms and Applications.

Anthony M Deacy1, Samuel Ken-En Gan2,3, Jeremy P Derrick1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 7, 2021
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Summary

Superantigens bind immune receptors unusually, triggering immune responses. Their unique binding interfaces offer potential for biotechnology applications, like antibody purification.

Keywords:
B-cellT-cellantibody purificationcytokine storminterfacesuperantigen

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Superantigens are unconventional antigens that bind immune receptors outside typical recognition sites.
  • T-cell superantigens interact with T-cell receptors and MHC Class II molecules, causing various immune effects.
  • B-cell superantigens bind immunoglobulins, influencing opsonisation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural basis of superantigen recognition of immune receptors.
  • To identify shared physicochemical characteristics of superantigen binding interfaces.
  • To explore potential applications in biotechnology based on these characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on structural data of superantigen-immune receptor interactions.
  • Comparative analysis of binding interface physicochemical properties between superantigens and other protein-protein complexes.

Main Results:

  • Superantigen binding interfaces exhibit distinct physicochemical characteristics compared to conventional protein-protein interactions.
  • These unique properties are conserved across different types of superantigens.

Conclusions:

  • The specific structural and physicochemical properties of superantigen binding interfaces are key to their unconventional recognition.
  • Understanding these characteristics can guide protein engineering for enhanced applications in antibody purification and biotechnology.