A comprehensive review and call for studies on firefly larvae.

Area of Science:

• Entomology
• Insect Biology
• Conservation Science

Background:

• Fireflies (Lampyridae) are known for adult traits like bioluminescence, but their larval stage is underappreciated.
• Larval fireflies represent most of their life cycle, crucial for adult resource acquisition and survival.
• A comprehensive understanding of firefly biology necessitates in-depth study of their immature stages.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing literature on firefly larvae.
• To identify key knowledge gaps and biases in taxonomic, geographic, and subject coverage.
• To provide a foundation for future research on firefly larval biology.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature search was conducted on firefly larvae.
• Identified studies were analyzed for taxonomic, geographic, and subject matter coverage.
• Biases and gaps in the existing research were systematically documented.

Main Results:

• 376 papers contained information on firefly larvae, but only 139 species (across 47 genera and 8 subfamilies) have been studied.
• A significant knowledge gap exists, with 94% of species and over half of genera unstudied in their larval stage.
• Research is concentrated on two subfamilies (Luciolinae, Lampyrinae) in four regions, neglecting other subfamilies and regions. Morphology and behavior are the primary research subjects, with limited data on habitats, life cycle, physiology, and interactions.

Conclusions:

• Literature biases and gaps underscore the limited knowledge of firefly larvae.
• Urgent need for basic and applied research, both in the field and laboratory.
• Future research is essential to improve understanding and conservation of firefly populations.