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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid
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Furfural and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Production from Sugar Mixture Using Deep Eutectic Solvent/MIBK System.

Annu Rusanen1, Katja Lappalainen1, Johanna Kärkkäinen1

  • 1Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland.

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|October 7, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Choline chloride/glycolic acid deep eutectic solvents efficiently produce furfural from biomass. High water content and microwave heating optimize yields, enabling DES recycling for sustainable biorefining.

Keywords:
HMFbiomassdeep eutectic solventfurfuralgreen chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
  • Biomass Conversion and Biorefining
  • Renewable Energy and Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Traditional methods for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production often require harsh conditions or additional catalysts.
  • Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) offer a promising alternative due to their tunable properties and environmental benefits.
  • Choline chloride (ChCl) and glycolic acid (GA) form a DES that can be utilized for biomass valorization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the production of furfural and HMF using a ChCl/GA DES with high water content.
  • To optimize reaction conditions (water content, temperature, time) for different feedstocks (glucose/xylose mixture, birch sawdust).
  • To evaluate the potential of this DES system within a biorefinery concept and assess DES recyclability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Choline chloride (ChCl) / glycolic acid (GA) deep eutectic solvent (DES) with varying water content.
  • Employed a microwave reactor for efficient heating and reaction.
  • Investigated glucose/xylose mixtures and birch sawdust as feedstocks, optimizing temperature and time for each.
  • Analyzed solid residue composition and performed product extraction into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) for DES recycling.

Main Results:

  • Optimal water content (32.9 wt.%) enhanced conversions without destabilizing the DES structure.
  • Achieved high furfural yields: 62% from the sugar mixture and 37.5% from birch sawdust under optimized conditions (160-170°C, 10 min).
  • Low HMF yields were observed, but the solid residue from sawdust was rich in cellulose and lignin, suggesting potential for further biorefinery applications.
  • Product extraction facilitated efficient DES recycling, maintaining high yields over three cycles.

Conclusions:

  • ChCl/GA DES with high water content is effective for furfural production from both model sugars and lignocellulosic biomass.
  • The process is suitable for microwave-assisted reactions and can be integrated into a biorefinery framework.
  • The recyclability of the DES further enhances the economic and environmental viability of this biomass conversion strategy.