Sensitive and Stable Thermometer Based on the Long Fluorescence Lifetime of Au Nanoclusters for Mitochondria

Detecting the temperature of intracellular mitochondria with high sensitivity and stability is crucial to understanding the cellular metabolism and revealing the processes of mitochondria-related physiology. In this paper, employing the long fluorescence lifetime of modified Au nanoclusters (mAuNCs) by 4-(carboxybutyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, we developed a fluorescence lifetime thermometer with high sensitivity and stability for the temperature of the intracellular mitochondria. A high relative temperature sensitivity of 2.8% and excellent photostability were achieved from the present thermometer. After incubation with L929 cells, the mAuNCs could be endocytosed into the cells and targeted the mitochondria, and the temperature changes at the L929 cells' mitochondria, which were stimulated by carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone and Ca²⁺, were successfully detected via the fluorescence lifetime images of the mAuNCs. Furthermore, utilizing the mAuNCs, we clarified the effect of Mg²⁺ on the temperature of the intracellular mitochondria. The strategy of employing a material with a long fluorescence lifetime and remarkable stability to fabricate the fluorescence lifetime thermometer for mitochondria can be used to design various thermometers for other organelles.