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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
Published on: August 26, 2021
Extracellular Vesicles and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Implications in Neuropathogenesis and Disease
Lee A Campbell1, Italo Mocchetti2
1Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, EP09 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
Abstract:
Extracellular vesicles are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures of nanometer size that carry diverse cargoes including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Their secretion into the extracellular space and delivery of their cargo to recipient cells can alter cellular function and intracellular communication. In this review, we summarize the role of extracellular vesicles in the disease pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) by focusing on their role in viral entry, neuroinflammation, and neuronal degeneration. We also discuss the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers of HAND. Together, this review aims to convey the importance of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HAND and foster interest in their role in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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