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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
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Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
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Muscle Recovery and Fatigue01:24

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open....
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Related Experiment Video

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Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
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The effect of a decrease in stretch-shortening cycle function after cycling on subsequent running.

Keigo Takahashi1, Yusuke Shirai2, Shota Oki1

  • 1Graduate school of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan.

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cycling impairs stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function, leading to increased cardiorespiratory responses during subsequent running in some individuals. This highlights the impact of exercise transitions on physiological and biomechanical performance.

Keywords:
Cardiorespiratory fitnessCross-trainingEnduranceReactive strength indexStretch-shortening cycle exerciseTriathlon

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Biomechanics

Background:

  • Running after cycling shows altered cardiorespiratory and biomechanical responses compared to isolated running.
  • The underlying causes, particularly the impact of reduced stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function post-cycling, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a decrease in SSC function after cycling causes cardiorespiratory and biomechanical changes during subsequent running.
  • To differentiate between individuals who experience decreased SSC function (SSC dec) and those who do not (SSC non-dec) after cycling.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional laboratory study involving 18 participants (triathletes and runners).
  • Participants underwent maximal aerobic tests and a run-cycle-run test with jump tests before and after cycling to assess SSC function (reactive strength index).
  • Cardiorespiratory (oxygen uptake, ventilation) and gait parameters were measured during running conditions (control vs. transition).

Main Results:

  • The SSC dec group exhibited increased oxygen uptake and ventilation during transition runs compared to control runs.
  • No significant differences in gait parameters were observed between control and transition runs in either group.
  • The SSC non-dec group did not show significant cardiorespiratory changes after cycling.

Conclusions:

  • A decrease in SSC function following cycling is associated with elevated cardiorespiratory demands in subsequent running.
  • This finding suggests that impaired SSC function is a key factor driving increased cardiorespiratory responses after cycling exercise.