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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Septins are the recently discovered fourth major protein component of the cytoskeleton, along with microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These proteins can associate with other cytoskeletal filaments and carry out varied roles or can be free-floating in the cytoplasm.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

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TRIP6 functions in brain ciliogenesis.

Shalmali Shukla1, Ronny Haenold1, Pavel Urbánek1

  • 1Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.

Nature Communications
|October 8, 2021
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Summary

TRIP6 (TRIP6) protein is essential for cilia development in the brain. Its absence in mice leads to fewer and shorter cilia, poor cell differentiation, and hydrocephalus, revealing a critical role in mammalian ciliogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • TRIP6 (TRIP6) is a LIM domain protein typically found at focal adhesions.
  • Its function in the brain and specifically in cilia formation was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of TRIP6 in the brain.
  • To elucidate the role of TRIP6 in ciliogenesis and its potential mechanism of action.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of TRIP6-deficient mice.
  • In vitro studies using RNA interference (RNAi) and homodimerization inhibition in choroid plexus epithelial cells.
  • Super-resolution microscopy to determine TRIP6 localization.

Main Results:

  • TRIP6 deletion in mice resulted in reduced cilia length and number, poor differentiation of ependymal and choroid plexus cells, and hydrocephalus.
  • In vitro disruption of TRIP6 confirmed its role in ciliogenesis.
  • TRIP6 was localized to the pericentriolar material and ciliary axoneme, suggesting a scaffolding or co-transporter function.

Conclusions:

  • TRIP6 is essential for mammalian ciliogenesis.
  • Its homodimerization and localization suggest a role as a scaffold or co-transporter in cilia assembly.
  • This study uncovers a novel function for a LIM-domain protein in brain development and cilia formation.