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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review.

Kate Parrish1,2, Peter D Kirkland1,2, Lee F Skerratt3

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Reptile nidoviruses cause severe respiratory illness in snakes and other reptiles. Further research is needed to understand their diversity, spread, and impact on wild populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Herpetology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Reptile nidoviruses (serpentoviruses) emerged in 2014 as significant pathogens.
  • These viruses cause severe, often fatal, respiratory disease in captive snakes, particularly pythons.
  • Related viruses are found in lizards and turtles, both captive and wild.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on reptile nidoviruses.
  • To highlight research gaps in viral diversity, host susceptibility, and clinical presentations.
  • To inform understanding of nidovirus infections in reptiles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on biology, hosts, distribution, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, and management.
  • Analysis of existing studies on naturally infected captive animals.
  • Identification of areas requiring further experimental investigation.

Main Results:

  • Reptile nidoviruses spread rapidly in captive collections, causing high morbidity and mortality.
  • The disease risk to wild reptile populations is largely unknown.
  • Limited studies exist on wild populations and pathogenesis in diverse species.

Conclusions:

  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding reptile nidoviruses, especially concerning wild populations.
  • Further research into pathogenesis and transmission routes is crucial.
  • Understanding these viruses is vital for reptile conservation efforts.