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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
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Exophiala dermatitidis.

Daisuke Usuda1, Toshihiro Higashikawa2, Yuta Hotchi3

  • 1Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Nerima-ku 177-8521, Tokyo, Japan. d.usuda.qa@juntendo.ac.jp.

World Journal of Clinical Cases
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exophiala black yeasts cause rare but chronic fungal infections in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Effective treatment requires aggressive combination therapies, including surgery and novel antifungal agents.

Keywords:
Antifungal drugsBlack yeastExophiala dermatitidisImmunocompromised hostMatrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometryRibosomal ribonucleic acid

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Mycology

Background:

  • Exophiala, an opportunistic black yeast, causes increasingly common, chronic, and recalcitrant fungal infections.
  • Infections manifest primarily as cutaneous or pulmonary disease, with potential for systemic dissemination.
  • Knowledge gaps exist regarding Exophiala infection mechanisms, virulence, and host responses.

Discussion:

  • Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of MALDI-TOF MS, ITS sequencing, histology, and culture.
  • Current antifungal agents and natural compounds show poor antibiofilm activity, limiting treatment options.
  • Optimal antifungal therapy and duration for Exophiala infections remain undetermined.

Key Insights:

  • Exophiala infections are rising in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent populations.
  • Pulmonary infections are the most frequent deep-seated manifestation.
  • Aggressive combination therapy, including surgery and novel antifungals (azoles), is crucial for treatment.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate infection mechanisms and host responses.
  • Development of novel antifungal compounds with antibiofilm activity is essential.
  • Standardized treatment protocols for Exophiala infections require establishment.