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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Acoustic Engineering
    • Implantable Devices

    Background:

    • Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer (UTET) is crucial for wirelessly powering miniature implanted devices.
    • Backward data transfer from implants often utilizes load modulation, reflecting ultrasonic energy.
    • Existing methods like ON-OFF keying (OOK) have limitations in efficiency and data rate.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore advanced load modulation techniques for backward data transfer in UTET systems.
    • To introduce and demonstrate phase shift keying (PSK) for improved ultrasonic data transmission.
    • To enhance energy efficiency and data signaling schemes for ultrasonic channels.

    Main Methods:

    • Investigated load phase shift keying (LPSK) by imposing reactive loads on implanted transducers.
    • Exploited the phase characteristics of a matched transducer near its vibration resonance.
    • Utilized finite-element simulation to demonstrate backward data transfer with two-state phase modulation at 20 kbit/s.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated LPSK by exploiting the acoustic impedance dependency of piezoelectric resonators on electrical loading.
    • Achieved a bit rate of 20 kbit/s using a 250 kHz ultrasonic carrier frequency in simulations.
    • Showcased the potential for high-order signaling schemes by combining amplitude and phase shift keying.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase shift keying offers a more energy-efficient and higher-order signaling scheme for backward data transfer in UTET.
    • LPSK modulation effectively utilizes the ultrasonic channel, improving data transfer capabilities for implanted devices.
    • The demonstrated simulation results support the theoretical framework for advanced ultrasonic communication in implants.