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Related Concept Videos

Aging01:26

Aging

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Estrogen receptors and the aging brain.

Silvia Maioli1, Karin Leander2, Per Nilsson1

  • 1Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.

Essays in Biochemistry
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen

Keywords:
AgeingAlzheimer's diseaseEstrogen receptorParkinson's diseaseSex differencesSex hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Estrogen, a key female sex hormone, exhibits significant neuroprotective effects.
  • Estrogen receptors (ERs) modulate critical brain functions including neural differentiation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity.
  • Declining sex hormone levels with aging, particularly at menopause, impact brain resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) signaling in aging brain neuroprotection and resilience.
  • To explore sex differences in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) in relation to hormonal changes.
  • To discuss current controversies surrounding estrogen receptor expression in the brain.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on estrogen's neuroprotective mechanisms.
  • Analysis of spatiotemporal ERα and ERβ signaling in the aging brain.
  • Examination of sex-based disparities in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Estrogen signaling via ERα and ERβ is crucial for maintaining neuroprotection and resilience during aging.
  • Reduced estrogen levels are linked to diminished brain resilience and increased vulnerability to neurodegeneration.
  • Significant sex differences exist in the prevalence and progression of AD and PD, influenced by hormonal factors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex, time- and location-specific actions of estrogen in the brain is vital for neuroprotection.
  • Hormonal status significantly influences brain aging and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Personalized therapeutic strategies targeting estrogen signaling pathways hold promise for combating age-related neurological decline and neurodegenerative conditions.