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Zoonotic giardiasis: an update.

Weilong Cai1, Una Ryan2, Lihua Xiao3,4

  • 1Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.

Parasitology Research
|October 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Giardia duodenalis infections, known as giardiasis, are zoonotic. This review finds common G. duodenalis genotypes in humans and animals suggest zoonotic transmission is less frequent than previously thought.

Keywords:
GenotypingGiardia duodenalisGiardiasisMolecular epidemiologyZoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Parasitology
  • Molecular Epidemiology
  • Zoonotic Diseases

Background:

  • Giardia duodenalis is a significant intestinal parasite causing zoonotic giardiasis.
  • Molecular typing has enhanced understanding of G. duodenalis genotype distribution and zoonotic potential in animals.
  • Previous research indicates a need for comprehensive data on G. duodenalis genotypes across diverse hosts and regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent data on the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in human and animal populations globally.
  • To assess the zoonotic potential of different G. duodenalis assemblages based on their occurrence in various hosts.
  • To identify key animal reservoirs and transmission pathways contributing to zoonotic giardiasis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published literature on Giardia duodenalis molecular typing.
  • Analysis of G. duodenalis genotype prevalence in human and animal populations from different geographical areas.
  • Comparative assessment of G. duodenalis assemblages commonly found in humans versus those in domestic and wild animals.

Main Results:

  • Assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis are dominant in human infections.
  • Most domestic animals harbor host-adapted G. duodenalis assemblages.
  • Specific animals like nonhuman primates, equines, rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, and beavers are potential sources for zoonotic transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Zoonotic giardiasis may be less common than previously assumed, primarily linked to specific animal species.
  • Targeted epidemiological studies comparing human and animal isolates in shared environments are crucial.
  • Further genetic characterization and integrated analyses are needed to elucidate G. duodenalis zoonotic transmission dynamics in diverse settings.