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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Quantifying Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in a Tumor Spheroid Model: Application for Drug Discovery
Published on: April 26, 2024
Novel classes of immunotherapy for breast cancer
Alberto Hernando-Calvo1, David W Cescon2, Philippe L Bedard2
1Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. alberto.hernandocalvo@uhn.ca.
Abstract:
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have profoundly changed the treatment landscape for many tumor types. Despite marked improvements in disease control for highly immunogenic cancers, the clinical impact of checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancers to date is limited. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different levels of PD-L1 expression and variable tumor microenvironment (TME) composition according to molecular subtype. With emerging evidence of the role of different factors involved in immune evasion, there are promising new immunotherapy targets that will reshape early drug development for metastatic breast cancer. This review examines the available evidence for existing and emerging immuno-oncology (IO) approaches including small molecules targeting different regulators of the cancer-immunity cycle.
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