Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Design of Solid-State Fermentation Systems for Polymer Hydrolytic Extracellular Enzyme Production by Filamentous Fungi
Published on: June 6, 2025
Advances in solid-state fermentation for bioconversion of agricultural wastes to value-added products: Opportunities
Chaitanya Reddy Chilakamarry1, A M Mimi Sakinah1, A W Zularisam2
1Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang 26300, Malaysia.
Abstract:
The increase in solid waste has become a common problem and causes environmental pollution worldwide. A green approach to valorise solid waste for sustainable development is required. Agricultural residues are considered suitable for conversion into profitable products through solid-state fermentation (SSF). Agricultural wastes have high organic content that is used as potential substrates to produce value-added products through SSF. The importance of process variables used in solid-phase fermentation is described. The applications of SSF developed products in the food industry as flavouring agents, acidifiers, preservatives and flavour enhancers. SSF produces secondary metabolites and essential enzymes. Wastes from agricultural residues are used as bioremediation agents, biofuels and biocontrol agents through microbial processing. In this review paper, the value addition of agricultural wastes by SSF through green processing is discussed with the current knowledge on the scenarios, sustainability opportunities and future directions of a circular economy for solid waste utilisation.
Related Concept Videos
Microorganisms in Agriculture and Food industry
Environmental Applications of Microorganisms
Overview of Fungi
Microbial Fermentation
Fates of Pyruvate
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...

