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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System

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The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
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PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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Design of Transmission Shafts01:16

Design of Transmission Shafts

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The design of a transmission shaft is governed by two primary specifications: the power it transmits and its rotational speed. These parameters guide the selection of the shaft's material and cross-sectional dimensions, ensuring that the material's maximum shearing stress remains within the elastic limit while transmitting the desired power at the given speed. The system's power is intrinsically linked to the applied torque. The torque applied to the shaft can be calculated by...
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Controller Configurations01:22

Controller Configurations

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Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
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Internal Combustion Engine01:20

Internal Combustion Engine

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The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to transfer heat. The combustion is done in a way that produces high-pressure combustion products that can be expanded through a turbine or piston to create work. Internal combustion engines can again be categorized into three kinds: (1) spark ignition gasoline engines, most commonly used in automobiles, (2) compression ignition diesel engines that...
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Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Structural Design and Manufacturing of a Cruiser Class Solar Vehicle
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Advances in CAR design.

Amanda Heard1, Jufang Chang1, John M Warrington2

  • 1Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
|October 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for B cell cancers but durable remission is limited. This review explores novel CAR designs to improve T-cell function and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CAR T cellProtein engineeringStructural biologySynthetic biology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have transformed B cell malignancy treatment.
  • However, less than half of patients achieve durable remission, highlighting a need for improved therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent pre-clinical and clinical studies on novel CAR T-cell design formats.
  • To explore strategies for enhancing CAR T-cell efficacy and precision.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent pre-clinical and clinical research.
  • Analysis of structural components of CAR molecules and their impact on T cell function.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies emphasize the critical role of individual CAR structural components in regulating T cell activity.
  • Various novel CAR design formats are being investigated to overcome current limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Improving CAR T-cell therapy requires a deeper understanding of CAR structure-function relationships.
  • Novel CAR designs hold potential for increasing durable remission rates in B cell malignancies.