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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
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Overview
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Assessment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Associated Toxicities Using an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model
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Assessment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Associated Toxicities Using an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model

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Toxicities associated with adoptive cellular therapies.

Doris K Hansen1, Marian Dam1, Rawan G Faramand2

  • 1Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, CSB 7th Floor, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Haematology
|October 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for blood cancers but can cause immune-related toxicities like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological issues. This review details the management of these short- and long-term side effects.

Keywords:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemiaChimeric antigen receptor T cell therapyCytokine release syndromeImmune effector associated neurologic toxicityLymphomaMultiple myelomaNeurotoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an FDA-approved treatment for relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies.
  • Despite efficacy, CAR T cell therapy is associated with significant immune-mediated toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurologic toxicity.
  • Emerging data highlights long-term toxicities such as prolonged cytopenias, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and secondary malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, mechanisms, and management of short-term toxicities associated with CAR T cell therapy.
  • To describe the evolving understanding and management strategies for long-term adverse effects of CAR T cell therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical data and research on CAR T cell therapy toxicities.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for adverse events.

Main Results:

  • CAR T cell therapy is linked to acute toxicities including CRS and neurotoxicity, requiring careful monitoring and management.
  • Long-term complications such as persistent cytopenias, hypogammaglobulinemia, increased infection risk, and secondary malignancies are increasingly recognized.
  • Effective management strategies for both immediate and delayed toxicities are crucial for patient safety and treatment success.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding and managing the spectrum of CAR T cell therapy toxicities, from acute CRS to long-term effects, is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.
  • Continued research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms and develop preemptive or targeted interventions for these adverse events.