A comparison between MBP- and NT* as N-terminal fusion partner for recombinant protein production in E. coli

Advances in structural biology have been fueled in part by developing techniques for large-scale heterologous expression and purification of proteins. Nevertheless, this step is still a bottleneck in biophysical studies of many proteins. Often, fusion proteins are used to increase expression levels, solubility, or both. Here, we compare a recently reported fusion tag, NT*, with Maltose Binding Protein (MBP), a well-known fusion tag and solubility enhancer. NT* shows high expression and solubility when used as an N-terminal fusion partner for several aggregation-prone peptides. Its efficacy in enhancing the solubility of aggregation-prone globular proteins has, however, not been tested. We find here that although the overall expression levels for NT* fusions are much higher than those for the MBP fusion, MBP was far superior for enhancing the solubility of the passenger protein. Nevertheless, the effective yield after purification from the soluble fraction of both MBP-fusion and NT*-fusion was comparable, mainly due to higher expression levels in NT*-fusion and a smaller fraction of the passenger protein net weight being locked in the fusion protein. We conclude that NT* is an excellent fusion tag to improve the overall expression of globular proteins but does not increase the passenger protein's solubility compared to MBP. Proteins that are partially soluble or can be refolded in-vitro will significantly benefit from N-terminal NT* fusions. MBP, however, still remains one of the very few options for an N-terminal fusion if the solubility of the protein after expression is critical for preserving its proper fold or activity.