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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Liver Physiology01:30

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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Laparoscopic Splenectomy with Pericardial Devascularization for Hypersplenism and Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Due to Portal Hypertension
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Liver-spleen axis dysfunction in COVID-19.

Sara Cococcia1, Marco Vincenzo Lenti2, Giovanni Santacroce1

  • 1First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) can cause liver and spleen dysfunction. This review summarizes SARS-CoV-2

Keywords:
AspleniaChronic liver diseaseIgM memory B cellLiver transplantationTransaminase

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents with diverse clinical manifestations beyond respiratory illness.
  • Liver and spleen dysfunctions are increasingly recognized complications and potential risk factors for severe COVID-19.
  • Liver damage in COVID-19 is multifactorial, involving direct viral effects, cytokine storms, drug toxicity, and hypoxia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2's impact on liver and spleen function.
  • To examine the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing liver disease or impaired spleen function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on COVID-19 and its effects on liver and spleen.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations, pathological changes, and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Liver impairment, though often mild, correlates with increased ICU admission and mortality in chronic liver disease patients.
  • Spleen impairment involves architectural changes (white pulp atrophy, follicle loss) and functional deficits (depleted IgM memory B cells).
  • The clinical outcome of COVID-19 in asplenic or hyposplenic individuals requires further definition.

Conclusions:

  • SARS-CoV-2 significantly impacts liver function, with implications for disease severity and mortality.
  • Spleen dysfunction in COVID-19 is characterized by specific immunological alterations.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with compromised liver or spleen function.