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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Asthma Detection Research Based on Voice Signal Processing and Machine Learning
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Voice processing for COVID-19 scanning and prognostic indicator.

Savita Sondhi1, Ashok Salhan2, Claire A Santoso1

  • 1Bina Nusantara Group, Anggrek Campus, 11530 Jakarta, Indonesia.

Heliyon
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection alters voice characteristics. Analyzing vocal parameters like pitch, jitter, and shimmer can help detect COVID-19 symptoms non-invasively, aiding in early diagnosis and prognosis.

Keywords:
Acoustic analysisAsymptomaticCOVID-19Fundamental frequencyJitterShimmer

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Science
  • Acoustic Phonetics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates reliable, non-contact diagnostic methods.
  • Vocal correlates offer a potential avenue for detecting respiratory infections like COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate voice parameter changes in COVID-19 patients.
  • To explore the potential of voice analysis for COVID-19 screening and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-six Asian ethnic volunteers (16 infected, 20 controls) vocalized vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/.
  • Voice recordings of infected patients during illness and after recovery were compared to non-infected controls.
  • Acoustic analysis included fundamental frequency (F0), formant frequencies (F1-F4), Harmonic-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), jitter, and shimmer.

Main Results:

  • Male COVID-19 patients showed higher energy intensity for /o/, F1 for /o/, and F3 for /u/ compared to controls.
  • Female patients exhibited higher jitter for /o/ and /a/, but decreased F2 for /u/ and mean F0 for /e/, /i/, /o/.
  • Significant differences in HNR, jitter, shimmer, and formant frequencies were observed between infected and recovered states, and between infected patients and controls.

Conclusions:

  • Voice analysis reveals distinct acoustic changes associated with COVID-19 infection.
  • Vocal parameters like fundamental frequency, formants, HNR, jitter, and shimmer can serve as reliable correlates for COVID-19.
  • Developing a mobile application for real-time voice analysis could facilitate early detection and management of COVID-19.