QTL x environment modeling of malting barley preharvest sprouting

HvMKK3 alleles are temperature sensitive and are major contributors to environmental stability of preharvest sprouting in barley. Preharvest sprouting (PHS) can severely damage barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) malting quality, but PHS resistance is often negatively correlated with malting quality. Seed dormancy is closely related to PHS. Increased temperature during grain fill can decrease seed dormancy in barley, but genetic components of seed dormancy temperature sensitivity are poorly understood. Six years of PHS data were used to fit quantitative trait locus (QTL) x environment mixed models incorporating marker data from seed dormancy genes HvAlaAT1, HvGA20ox1, and HvMKK3 and weather covariates in spring and winter two-row malting barley. Variation in winter barley PHS was best modeled by average temperature range during grain fill and spring barley PHS by total precipitation during grain fill. Average high temperature during grain fill also accurately modeled PHS for both datasets. A highly non-dormant HvMKK3 allele determined baseline PHS susceptibility and HvAlaAT1 interactions with multiple HvMKK3 alleles conferred environmental sensitivity. Polygenic variation for PHS within haplotype was detected. Residual genotype and QTL by environment interaction variance indicated additional environmental and genetic factors involved in PHS. These models provide insight into genotype and environmental regulation of barley seed dormancy, a method for PHS forecasting, and a tool for breeders to improve PHS resistance.