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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

5.7K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Studying Metabolic Brain Connectivity Using 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography at the Single-subject Level
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Thyroid Status and Brain Circulation: The Rotterdam Study.

Lana Fani1, Oscar Roa Dueñas1, Daniel Bos1,2

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone levels, specifically free thyroxine (FT4), show an inverse U-shaped association with brain circulation in older adults. Both high and low FT4 levels correlate with reduced global brain perfusion, suggesting a link to brain diseases.

Keywords:
brain perfusioncerebral blood flowcohort studyfree thyroxinegeneral populationthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is common, but its impact on brain circulation in the general population is not well understood.
  • Investigating the relationship between thyroid hormones and cerebral blood flow is crucial for understanding brain health in aging populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between thyroid hormones (TSH and FT4) and markers of brain circulation in elderly individuals.
  • To explore the relationship between thyroid function and global brain perfusion and microcirculation.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based study of 5142 elderly participants from the Rotterdam Study.
  • Measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) via venipuncture.
  • Assessment of global brain perfusion using phase-contrast MRI and arteriolar retinal calibers for microcirculation.

Main Results:

  • Free thyroxine (FT4) exhibited an inverse U-shaped association with global brain perfusion; both high and low FT4 levels were linked to reduced perfusion.
  • The difference in global brain perfusion between high FT4 levels and middle levels was significant (up to -2.44 mL).
  • Both higher and lower FT4 levels, compared to middle levels, were associated with changes in arteriolar retinal vessel caliber.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction, indicated by abnormal FT4 levels, may negatively impact brain circulation.
  • Suboptimal brain circulation due to thyroid dysfunction could be a modifiable pathway contributing to brain diseases like stroke and dementia.