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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
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Is irregular time estimation a common factor in smoking behavior and delay discounting?

C Henrico Stam1, Frederik M van der Veen1, Ingmar H A Franken1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Addictive Behaviors
|October 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Smoking is linked to faster time estimation and altered time perception, potentially contributing to addiction. This study explored how time estimation, delay discounting, and smoking behavior are interconnected.

Keywords:
AlcoholAutocorrelationBIS/BASDelay discountingLinear mixed-effects modelSmokingTime estimation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Smoking is associated with steeper delay discounting, a measure of externalizing behavior.
  • Individual differences in time estimation may influence delay discounting and smoking behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between time estimation, delay discounting, and smoking behavior.
  • To explore how specific aspects of time perception relate to delay discounting and smoking.

Main Methods:

  • Online experiment with 495 undergraduate students (51 smokers).
  • Assessed serial time estimation, delay discounting (MCQ), impulsivity (BIS/BAS), nicotine dependence (Fagerstrom), and alcohol use (QFV).

Main Results:

  • Smoking, heavy drinking, and delay discounting correlated with faster time estimation.
  • Smoking and delay discounting showed associations with differences in autocorrelation.
  • Fun seeking linked to smoking and alcohol use, but not time estimation or delay discounting.

Conclusions:

  • Accelerated internal clock may lead to time over-estimation, potentially contributing to addiction.
  • Distortions in time estimation, like autocorrelation, may relate to delay discounting and smoking.
  • Findings support links between faster time estimation, altered autocorrelation, smoking, and delay discounting.