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Related Concept Videos

Aggregates Classification01:29

Aggregates Classification

415
Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
Petrographic classification groups aggregates based on common mineralogical characteristics. Some of the common mineral groups found in aggregates are...
415
Maximum Size of Aggregate01:12

Maximum Size of Aggregate

278
The maximum size of aggregate is defined as the aperture of the sieve retaining 15 percent or more of the particles present in the aggregate sample. The aggregate's maximum size impacts the concrete's water requirement, workability, and strength. Larger aggregates reduce the surface area needing cement paste coverage, which can lower water needs, thereby allowing a decrease in the water-to-cement ratio when the desired workability and richness of the mix are to be maintained, which can...
278
Types of Aggregate Grading01:15

Types of Aggregate Grading

953
Aggregate grading is crucial in economically obtaining a concrete mix with adequate strength, reasonable workability, and minimal segregation. There are four types of aggregate gradation: well-graded, uniformly (or one-sized) graded, gap-graded, and open-graded.
Well-graded aggregates include a complete range of necessary size fractions that fit together to create a dense matrix with minimal voids, represented by a smooth, continuous gradation curve. This type of grading ensures good...
953
Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change01:26

Unsoundness of Aggregate due to Volume Change

219
Unsoundness in aggregates due to volume changes is primarily caused by the physical alterations aggregates undergo, such as freezing and thawing, thermal changes, and wetting and drying. Unsound aggregates, when subjected to these changes, result in volume change upon disintegration. This, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of concrete, including scaling, pop-outs, and cracking. Particular types of aggregates, such as porous flints, cherts, and those containing clay minerals, are...
219
Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

442
Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
Bulk or gross specific gravity is calculated by taking the ratio of the mass of aggregates in the saturated surface-dry state to the total volume that includes both the solids and the voids within the...
442
Design Example: Aggregate Gradation01:24

Design Example: Aggregate Gradation

159
The right type and quality of aggregates are crucial for concrete as they significantly influence its properties, mix proportions, and cost-effectiveness. If different sources are available for sand, the commonly used fine aggregate in concrete, the selection of sand is primarily based on its gradation.
The grading, or particle-size distribution, of sand is determined using sieve analysis, with standard sizes ranging from 150 μm to 10 mm (ASTM No. 100 sieve to 3⁄8 in. sieve). Sand is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro
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Aggregation in the spotlight.

Zihao Wang1, Miranda Collier2, Justin Benesch1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Elife
|October 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular agents that maintain protein integrity prevent harmful aggregate formation. New research resolves conflicting data, clarifying these protective mechanisms against protein aggregation.

Keywords:
FUSRRMagingbiochemistrychaperoneschemical biologyhumanmolecular condensatestime-resolved quantitative XL-MS

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Protein aggregation is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Understanding the mechanisms that prevent protein aggregation is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • Conflicting data exists regarding the precise roles of certain molecular agents in preventing aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile apparently conflicting experimental results.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which molecular agents preserve protein integrity.
  • To clarify how these agents inhibit the formation of harmful protein aggregates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized biophysical techniques to study protein behavior.
  • Employed computational modeling to simulate molecular interactions.
  • Analyzed the effects of specific molecular agents on protein folding and aggregation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that specific molecular agents stabilize native protein structures.
  • Identified key interactions between agents and proteins that prevent misfolding.
  • Showcased how these interactions disrupt the nucleation phase of aggregate formation.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide a unified explanation for previously contradictory observations.
  • Molecular agents act by preserving protein integrity, thereby inhibiting aggregation.
  • This work offers insights for designing novel therapeutic strategies targeting proteinopathies.