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Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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RNA Deregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Noncoding Perspective.

Pietro Laneve1, Paolo Tollis2, Elisa Caffarelli1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial for nervous system homeostasis and gene regulation. Their dysregulation is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), suggesting potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
ALSRNA metabolismcircular RNAslong noncoding RNAsmicroRNAsmotoneuronsneurodegenerationnoncoding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA metabolism is fundamental to cellular function and disease, impacting pathways from transcription to degradation.
  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are highly abundant in the nervous system, regulating gene expression and neural development.
  • Dysregulation of RNA metabolism and ncRNAs is implicated in various human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate link between noncoding RNA dysregulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • To highlight the significance of RNA metabolism defects in ALS, often termed an 'RNA disease'.
  • To discuss the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ALS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on ncRNA research in neuroscience and ALS.
  • Analysis of studies linking RNA metabolism to neurodegenerative pathologies.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on ncRNA functions in neuronal homeostasis and disease.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play critical roles in orchestrating differentiation, neural function, and the development of neuronal pathologies.
  • Defective RNA metabolism is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • ncRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS, a motoneuron disorder.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNA dysregulation is a significant factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis.
  • ncRNAs hold promise as potential diagnostic biomarkers for ALS.
  • ncRNAs represent viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of ALS.