Determinants of Preventive Behaviors for COVID-19 in Japan

As of June 2021, there have been more than 13,000 deaths in Japan due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare show that the mortality rate of COVID-19 greatly varies by age. In this study, using data from a questionnaire survey, an investigation was carried out to find differences in anxiety and risk perception, attitudes toward risk, and the frequency of implementation of countermeasures to infection among age groups that are prone to a greater risk of mortality, as well as the main factors that determine the frequency of implementation. Older people, who form a high-risk group, have a stronger tendency for anxiety and cautious attitudes toward COVID-19, and they more frequently implement preventive behaviors. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the frequency of implementation of behaviors is determined not only by anxiety, cautious attitude, risk of aggravation to oneself, and perceived effectiveness of behaviors but also by regret, altruism, and conformity. In addition, almost no age-based gap was found between the determinants, suggesting that the motivation to take infection preventive behaviors is the same regardless of age.