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Related Experiment Videos

Comparative range of orthodontic wires.

S B Ingram, D P Gipe, R J Smith

    American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics
    |October 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study evaluated orthodontic wire range using a mandrel wrapping method, finding significant variations in yield diameter among stainless steel and other alloys, influenced by manufacturing processes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Orthodontics

    Background:

    • The American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No. 32 defines orthodontic wire range via cantilever beam bending.
    • An alternative method, proposed by Waters (1981), involves wrapping wires around mandrels to assess deformation.
    • This study investigates the practical application and findings of the mandrel wrapping method for orthodontic wires.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the range (elastic limit) of various orthodontic wires using the mandrel wrapping method.
    • To compare the yield diameters of different wire materials and brands.
    • To identify factors influencing wire range, such as material composition and heat treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized four brass mandrels with 46 test diameters (3.5–60.0 mm).

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  • Tested 4,747 samples from 488 different orthodontic wires across nine distributors.
  • Measured the yield diameter by determining the mandrel size producing a specific deformation (2 mm arc height for a 5 cm chord) after unwrapping.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant variation in yield diameters was observed for stainless steel wires of identical dimensions, attributed to strain hardening and heat treatment.
    • Chromium cobalt wires showed increased range after heat treatment.
    • Nitinol exhibited the greatest range (8.7 mm yield diameter for 0.016 inch wire), while multistranded stainless steel wires ranged from 9.0 to 14.0 mm.

    Conclusions:

    • The mandrel wrapping method provides a practical assessment of orthodontic wire range.
    • Material properties, manufacturing processes (strain hardening, heat treatment), and wire construction significantly impact wire range.
    • Nitinol demonstrates superior range compared to stainless steel and chromium cobalt wires.