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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Archetypes of checkpoint-responsive immunity.

Kwok Im1, Alexis J Combes1, Matthew H Spitzer2

  • 1Department of Pathology and ImmunoX Initiative, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; UCSF CoLabs, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Trends in Immunology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified two distinct immune archetypes in patients responding to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Understanding these archetypes is crucial for improving cancer prognosis and developing new therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Current prediction of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy response relies on various individual measures with limited accuracy.
  • These measures include tumor mutation burden, tumor-infiltrating T cells, dendritic cells, and checkpoint ligand expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that individual predictive measures are linked, forming distinct immune archetypes in ICB-responsive patients.
  • To investigate the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and microbiome in supporting these immune archetypes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of disparate individual measures of immune response.
  • Identification and characterization of 'reactive' immune archetypes.
  • Hypothesizing the role of TME and microbiome in supporting antitumor immunity.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct 'reactive' immune archetypes were identified in ICB-responsive patients.
  • These archetypes represent collections of cells and gene expression patterns.
  • These archetypes are hypothesized to be 'seeds' of antitumor immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding these immune archetypes is crucial for prognosis.
  • Parsing reactive immunity is key to developing novel therapies.
  • Targeting these archetypes can potentially increase tumor cure rates.