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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Getting to the bottom of lncRNA mechanism: structure-function relationships.

Karissa Sanbonmatsu1

  • 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA. kys@lanl.gov.

Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society
|October 13, 2021
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Structural studies of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for understanding their roles in disease and development. This review highlights the need for high-resolution 3-D structures and outlines future directions using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are vital in cellular processes and disease, yet their 3-D structures remain largely uncharacterized.
  • Existing functional studies underscore the importance of lncRNAs, but a structural gap hinders deeper comprehension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review functional roles of lncRNAs in cellular mechanisms.
  • To emphasize the necessity of high-resolution 3-D structural studies for lncRNAs.
  • To discuss the potential of structure-function relationships in advancing lncRNA research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of functional studies on lncRNAs.
  • Description of established RNA structural biology techniques: chemical probing, NMR, SAXS, X-ray crystallography, and cryo-EM.
  • Examination of early structural studies specific to lncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Functional studies demonstrate diverse roles for lncRNAs in cellular processes.
  • Various biophysical and structural methods are available for RNA structure determination.
  • Limited but emerging structural data exists for lncRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution 3-D structural studies are essential for elucidating lncRNA functions.
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) presents a promising avenue for future lncRNA structural biology.
  • Bridging the structural gap in lncRNA research will significantly advance understanding of their roles in health and disease.