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A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
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A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By understanding these factors, the appropriate dosage can be determined, and the dosing schedule can be designed to achieve and maintain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing adverse effects.
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The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
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Determining the optimal dose size and dosing frequency in pharmacotherapy is crucial for achieving therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores the methodologies employed in determining these parameters, focusing on their significance and interplay to tailor dosing regimens.Dose Size: Dose size refers to the amount of a drug administered in a single dose. It is determined based on the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties and...
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Development of a Controlled Continuous Low-Dose Feeding Process.

Sara Fathollahi1,2, Julia Kruisz1, Stephan Sacher1

  • 1Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, 8010, Graz, Austria.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new feed rate control strategy for volumetric micro-feeders ensures precise low-dose feeding of diverse pharmaceutical powders. This method minimizes feed rate deviations, improving accuracy for challenging materials.

Keywords:
Continuous feedingFeed forward controlIterative learning controlLoss-in-weight feederLow dose feeding

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Process Control

Background:

  • Accurate low-dose feeding of pharmaceutical raw materials is critical for drug manufacturing.
  • Conventional continuous feeders struggle with powders exhibiting high cohesion or low density.
  • Variability in powder properties necessitates advanced feeding control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a feed-forward control strategy for a novel volumetric micro-feeder.
  • To achieve a constant and precise feed rate for pharmaceutical raw materials with diverse properties.
  • To address the limitations of conventional feeders in handling difficult-to-feed powders.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of powder density variations using a displacement feed factor profile.
  • Application of a characterized effective displacement density profile for proactive feed rate control.
  • Manipulation of powder displacement rate to compute and control the feed rate.
  • Evaluation using di-calcium phosphate, croscarmellose sodium, and barium sulfate.

Main Results:

  • The feed-forward control strategy enabled a constant feed rate with minimal deviation from the set-point.
  • Significant improvements in feeding performance were observed for all tested materials.
  • Reduced feed rate deviation and relative standard deviation compared to uncontrolled operations.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed control strategy effectively enhances the performance of volumetric micro-feeders.
  • Accurate prediction and control of feed rate are achievable even for challenging pharmaceutical powders.
  • This approach offers a robust solution for precise low-dose feeding in pharmaceutical manufacturing.