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Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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Applications of Stress01:04

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Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

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To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....
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Stress on an Oblique Plane01:16

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Understanding stress on an oblique plane under axial loading is pivotal in material mechanics. This analysis offers insight into a material's durability and strength, which is crucial for civil engineering and structural design. Axial loading refers to force application along the material's central axis, causing compression or elongation and leading to normal stress. Normal stress occurs when a force acts perpendicularly to the material's area, resulting in compressive or tensile...
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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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A Mouse Distraction Osteogenesis Model
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Forces Exerted in Craniofacial Distraction Osteogenesis.

Christopher L Kalmar1, Ari M Wes, Daniel M Mazzaferro

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cranial vault distraction osteogenesis (CVDO) requires significantly more force than mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). Force increases with distraction days and rate, informing optimized protocols.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Craniofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Distraction osteogenesis is a surgical technique used to grow bone.
  • Quantifying the forces involved is crucial for optimizing outcomes.
  • Previous methods lacked precision in measuring linear distraction forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a methodology for quantifying linear distraction forces in osteogenesis.
  • To compare force magnitudes between cranial vault distraction osteogenesis (CVDO) and mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO).

Main Methods:

  • A digital torque-measuring screwdriver was used to acquire distraction forces from patients undergoing CVDO or MDO.
  • Torque measurements were converted into linear distraction force values.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to compare forces across distraction types and protocols.

Main Results:

  • CVDO (n=7) required significantly higher maximum force (52.9 N) and elastic force (22.0 N) compared to MDO (n=10; 12.9 N and 4.5 N, respectively).
  • Maximum activation force correlated positively with sequential days of distraction, distraction rate, and distractor hardware failure.
  • Distraction type was a significant factor, with CVDO demanding substantially more force.

Conclusions:

  • Cranial vault distraction osteogenesis necessitates significantly greater linear distraction forces than mandibular distraction osteogenesis.
  • Increasing distraction days and rates elevate maximum forces.
  • The developed methodology provides a basis for creating optimized, procedure- or patient-specific distraction protocols.