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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Cell death leaves a new TRAIL.

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Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling, known to cause apoptosis, also triggers entosis, a cell death mechanism. This discovery reveals a new link in cell death networks with cancer progression implications.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular mechanisms of cell death
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Cell death is regulated by complex signaling networks.
  • Apoptosis and entosis are distinct cell death pathways.
  • TRAIL is a known inducer of apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel connections within cell death signaling networks.
  • To investigate the role of TRAIL signaling beyond apoptosis.
  • To explore the induction of entosis by TRAIL.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated TRAIL signaling pathways.
  • Analyzed cell death mechanisms induced by TRAIL.
  • Utilized cell biology techniques to observe entosis.

Main Results:

  • TRAIL signaling can induce entosis, a form of cell death.
  • A new cross-regulation between apoptosis and entosis pathways was identified.
  • This finding expands the known functions of TRAIL.

Conclusions:

  • TRAIL signaling has a dual role in inducing both apoptosis and entosis.
  • The interplay between TRAIL-induced apoptosis and entosis impacts cancer progression.
  • This study uncovers a novel mechanism in cell death regulation.