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A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
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Updated: Oct 17, 2025

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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Virtuous victims.

Jillian J Jordan1, Maryam Kouchaki2

  • 1Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field Road, Boston, MA 02163, USA.

Science Advances
|October 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People often perceive victims of wrongdoing as more moral than identical non-victims. This "Virtuous Victim" effect is driven by a desire to restore justice by punishing perpetrators and helping victims.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Moral Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Understanding victim perception is crucial for justice systems.
  • Previous research has not fully explained why victims are viewed morally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and explain the "Virtuous Victim" effect.
  • To test the Justice Restoration Hypothesis.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted 17 experiments with 9,676 participants.
  • Examined perceptions of victim morality across various transgressions.

Main Results:

  • Consistently found that victims are perceived as more moral than identical non-victims.
  • Results support the Justice Restoration Hypothesis.

Conclusions:

  • The "Virtuous Victim" effect is a robust phenomenon.
  • This effect is driven by the motivation to restore justice, not by simple contrast, general positivity towards sufferers, or beliefs about victim behavior.