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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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[Graves' Disease].

Stephanie Allelein, Matthias Schott

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |October 13, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Graves' disease diagnosis relies on lab tests and imaging. Treatment involves antithyroid drugs, with considerations for pregnancy and rare immune checkpoint inhibitor side effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Graves' disease (GD) diagnosis primarily uses ultrasonography and laboratory tests, including TSH, thyroid hormones, and TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb).
    • TRAb measurements are highly sensitive and specific for GD, aiding differentiation from autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), though some AIT patients may also present with TRAb.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Graves' disease.
    • To address specific considerations for Graves' disease management during pregnancy.
    • To review endocrine side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), particularly thyroid dysfunction.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of diagnostic criteria for Graves' disease, including laboratory markers like TRAb.
    • Analysis of current treatment guidelines for Graves' disease, focusing on antithyroid drugs (thiamazol/carbimazole, propylthiouracil).
    • Examination of Graves' disease management in pregnancy and its associated risks.
    • Assessment of endocrine complications, specifically thyroid dysfunction, associated with ICI therapy.

    Main Results:

    • Diagnosis is confirmed via ultrasonography, TSH, thyroid hormones, and TRAb levels.
    • Thiamazol/carbimazole is the preferred first-line therapy; propylthiouracil is reserved due to hepatotoxicity.
    • Pregnancy management requires careful drug selection to balance maternal and fetal health.
    • Thyroid dysfunction is a common ICI side effect, though Graves' disease is rare in this context.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective Graves' disease management involves accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic choices.
    • Specialized approaches are necessary for treating Graves' disease during pregnancy.
    • Monitoring for thyroid dysfunction is crucial in patients undergoing ICI therapy.