Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

38.1K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
38.1K
Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Overview01:24

Esters to β-Ketoesters: Claisen Condensation Overview

3.5K
Regular Claisen condensation is a base-promoted reaction involving identical esters with two α hydrogens, condensing to produce β-ketoesters. It is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction wherein one of the ester molecules, upon deprotonation by the base, forms a nucleophilic enolate ion, while the other molecule serves as an electrophile.
3.5K
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

105.4K
Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
105.4K
The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

40.7K
Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
40.7K
Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation01:33

Aldol Condensation vs Claisen Condensation

6.7K
Aldol condensation is an acid or base-catalyzed condensation between aldehydes or ketones to give an α,ꞵ-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A base-promoted condensation between ester molecules to produce a ꞵ-ketoester is known as the Claisen condensation. In the presence of a base, both reactions involve deprotonation of the acidic α hydrogen to produce the corresponding enolates. The nucleophilic enolates attack their respective nonenolized carbonyl compound forming a tetrahedral...
6.7K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.8K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>Lotus japonicus</i> VIH2 is an inositol pyrophosphate synthase that regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Arabidopsis inositol polyphosphate kinase activities regulate COP9 deneddylation functions in phosphate homeostasis.

Journal of integrative plant biology·2026
Same author

Reactions of diazoboranes with oxygen enables the synthesis and isolation of dioxaboriranes.

Nature chemistry·2026
Same author

Pentaphosphorylated magic spot nucleotides: chemoenzymatic synthesis and disassembly-based sensing.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2026
Same author

Streamlined One-Pot Synthesis of Fused Pyrroles: A Three-Component Approach.

ChemistryOpen·2026
Same author

Affinity-Based Interactome Mapping of Inositol Pyrophosphates Reveals 4/6-PP-InsP<sub>5</sub>-Binding Proteins in Plants.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.9K

Lost in Condensation: Poly-, Cyclo-, and Ultraphosphates.

Henning J Jessen1,2, Tobias Dürr-Mayer1, Thomas M Haas1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|October 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored novel synthesis methods for condensed phosphates, analogous to alkanes, to unlock their vast chemical diversity. This work advances understanding of phosphate chemistry and its biological significance.

More Related Videos

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.7K
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI

Published on: November 22, 2016

7.9K
Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
13:19

Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

Published on: June 2, 2022

3.7K
Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

6.3K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed phosphate chemistry, organic synthesis, and biochemistry.

Background:

  • Condensed phosphates, like alkanes, exhibit diverse linear, branched, and cyclic structures, offering extensive uncharted chemical space.
  • Phosphates are fundamental to biology, involved in prebiotic chemistry, life's emergence, and essential biomolecules like ATP.
  • Current synthesis methods for condensed phosphate isomers are limited, hindering exploration of their rich chemistry and biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop controllable synthesis methods for diverse condensed phosphate structures using phosphoramidites.
  • To explore the chemical space of condensed phosphates and their biological implications.
  • To synthesize and apply novel condensed phosphate hybrids and reagents.

Main Methods:

  • Selective substitution of phosphoramidites with one, two, or three P-N bonds to access various condensed phosphates.
  • Construction and modification of condensed phosphate structures, including hybrids of cyclic and linear forms.
  • Application of synthesized compounds, exemplified by the step-economic synthesis of (p)ppGpp.
  • Utilized 31P NMR spectroscopy for characterization and structural elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a highly controllable synthetic route to diverse condensed phosphate isomers.
  • Generated novel hybrid condensed phosphates with potential utility as synthetic reagents.
  • Provided a step-economic synthesis for the biologically significant (p)ppGpp nucleotide.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphoramidite chemistry offers a powerful platform for navigating the rich chemical space of condensed phosphates.
  • Further exploration of condensed phosphate chemistry is crucial for understanding their fundamental roles in biology and prebiotic processes.
  • The developed synthetic strategies enable access to complex phosphate structures, advancing both synthetic chemistry and biochemical research.